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This book examines the way that lead enters the biosphere and the
subsequent environmental impact. The contributing authors include
international experts who provide methods for assessing and
characterizing the ecological risk of lead contamination of soil
and plants. Information is provided on the consequences for human
health as a result of lead pollution. This book reveals that
approximately 98% of stable lead in the atmosphere originates from
human activities. Lead in Plants and the Environment reports on
methods for detecting, measuring, and assessing the concentration
of lead in plants. The authors provide a method for the measurement
of 210Pb isotopes in plants. This method can be applied extensively
in different environmental settings, not only as a way of revealing
sources of lead, but also as a way to monitor lead transport in
plants and animals that ingest them. The chapters include coverage
on the following topics: * Lead bioavailability in the environment
and its exposure and effects * Radioanalytical methods for
detecting and identifying trace concentrations of lead in the
environment * Lead contamination and its dynamics in soil plant
systems * Lead pollution monitoring and remediation through
terrestrial plants in mesocosm constructed wetlands * A review of
phytoremediation of lead This book is a valuable resource to
students, academics, researchers, and environmental professionals
doing field work on lead contamination throughout the world.
This book examines the way that lead enters the biosphere and the
subsequent environmental impact. The contributing authors include
international experts who provide methods for assessing and
characterizing the ecological risk of lead contamination of soil
and plants. Information is provided on the consequences for human
health as a result of lead pollution. This book reveals that
approximately 98% of stable lead in the atmosphere originates from
human activities. Lead in Plants and the Environment reports on
methods for detecting, measuring, and assessing the concentration
of lead in plants. The authors provide a method for the measurement
of 210Pb isotopes in plants. This method can be applied extensively
in different environmental settings, not only as a way of revealing
sources of lead, but also as a way to monitor lead transport in
plants and animals that ingest them. The chapters include coverage
on the following topics: * Lead bioavailability in the environment
and its exposure and effects * Radioanalytical methods for
detecting and identifying trace concentrations of lead in the
environment * Lead contamination and its dynamics in soil plant
systems * Lead pollution monitoring and remediation through
terrestrial plants in mesocosm constructed wetlands * A review of
phytoremediation of lead This book is a valuable resource to
students, academics, researchers, and environmental professionals
doing field work on lead contamination throughout the world.
This book provides an overview to researchers, graduate, and
undergraduate students, as well as academicians who are interested
in arsenic. It covers human health risks and established cases of
human ailments and sheds light on prospective control measures,
both biological and physico-chemical. Arsenic (As) is a widely
distributed element in the environment having no known useful
physiological function in plants or animals. Historically, this
metalloid has been known to be used widely as a poison. Effects of
arsenic have come to light in the past few decades due to its
increasing contamination in several parts of world, with the worst
situation being in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. The worrying
issue is the ingestion of arsenic through water and food and
associated health risks due to its carcinogenic and neurotoxic
nature. The impact of the problem is widespread, and it has led to
extensive research on finding both the causes and solutions. These
attempts have allowed us to understand the various probable causes
of arsenic contamination in the environment, and at the same time,
have provided a number of possible solutions. It is reported that
more than 200 mineral species contain As. Generally, As binds with
iron and sulfur to form arsenopyrite. According to one estimate
from the World Health Organization (WHO), contextual levels of As
in soil ranges from 1 to 40 mg kg-1. Arsenic toxicity is related to
its oxidation state which is present in the medium. As is a
protoplastic toxin, due to its consequence on sulphydryl group it
interferes in cell enzymes, cell respiration and in mitosis.
Exposure of As may occur to humans via several industries, such as
refining or smelting of metal ores, microelectronics, wood
preservation, battery manufacturing, and also to those who work in
power plants that burn arsenic-rich coal.
This book provides an overview to researchers, graduate, and
undergraduate students, as well as academicians who are interested
in arsenic. It covers human health risks and established cases of
human ailments and sheds light on prospective control measures,
both biological and physico-chemical. Arsenic (As) is a widely
distributed element in the environment having no known useful
physiological function in plants or animals. Historically, this
metalloid has been known to be used widely as a poison. Effects of
arsenic have come to light in the past few decades due to its
increasing contamination in several parts of world, with the worst
situation being in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. The worrying
issue is the ingestion of arsenic through water and food and
associated health risks due to its carcinogenic and neurotoxic
nature. The impact of the problem is widespread, and it has led to
extensive research on finding both the causes and solutions. These
attempts have allowed us to understand the various probable causes
of arsenic contamination in the environment, and at the same time,
have provided a number of possible solutions. It is reported that
more than 200 mineral species contain As. Generally, As binds with
iron and sulfur to form arsenopyrite. According to one estimate
from the World Health Organization (WHO), contextual levels of As
in soil ranges from 1 to 40 mg kg-1. Arsenic toxicity is related to
its oxidation state which is present in the medium. As is a
protoplastic toxin, due to its consequence on sulphydryl group it
interferes in cell enzymes, cell respiration and in mitosis.
Exposure of As may occur to humans via several industries, such as
refining or smelting of metal ores, microelectronics, wood
preservation, battery manufacturing, and also to those who work in
power plants that burn arsenic-rich coal.
Plants have a very specific and efficient mechanism to obtain,
translocate and store nutrients from the surrounding environment.
The precise mechanism that helps a plant in nutrient translocation
from root to shoot also, in the same way, transfers and stores
toxic metals within their structure. Metal toxicity generally
causes multiple direct or indirect effects on plants, affecting
nearly all of their physiological functions. Plant tolerance to
heavy metals depends largely on plant efficiency in uptake,
translocation and sequestration of heavy metals in specific cell
organelles or specialized tissues. The main purpose of this book is
to present a holistic view of the recent advancement in the field
of accumulation and remediation using plants, the green solar
powered alternative to ameliorate heavy metal from the polluted
environment. The key features of the book are related to metal
transporters and metal accumulation mechanisms under heavy metal
stress in plants, plant transcriptional regulation and responses
under metal contamination, multiple toxic metal contaminations and
its phytoremediation approaches etc. Based on the advancement of
research in recent years, the information compiled in this book
will bring an in-depth knowledge on the bioaccumulation of metals,
their transportation in natural conditions or genetically modified
plants and their strategy to cope with the toxicity to survive in
the hostile environment.
The growing complexity of this digital world is accountable for the
mounting complications in the management, storage, security and
disposal of data. From large scale organisations to small
industries, protecting the confidentiality of data is becoming the
prime concern. In the field of education, E-learning tools like
concept mapping provide an environment that supports the learners
from different parts of the world to collaborate and work online.
This book will identify the prime security concerns of such an
E-learning tool and will also showcase the methods to tackle them
efficiently.
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